Honda Accord Hybrid Case

The marketing plan for Honda Accord Hybrid failed to take note of consumer attitudes and lifestyles. Their product positioning strategies were ineffective which made the vehicle lack a unique brand identity in the market. They failed to include strong attributes regarding the product in their plans. Engineers who designed the vehicle thought buyers would be impressed by the vehicle’s fuel economy capabilities but they did not take note of prevailing market conditions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Honda Accord Hybrid Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They did not take time to realize that vehicle buyers had become more conscious about prices and this influenced their purchasing habits (Kiley, 2007). The six cylinder Accord hybrid was priced at more than 9,000 dollars higher than the four cylinder gasoline version. The pricing strategy adopted for the vehicle discouraged buyers from buying the vehicle and they opted to purchase the gasoline version. Honda also failed to engage potential buyers to understand the type of vehicle they wanted to satisfy their expectations. The firm did not offer customers a unique selling point that would motivate them to purchase the vehicle. The marketing had a false sense of hope that the Accord hybrid would follow in the footsteps of its gasoline version which had recorded high sales in the U.S. The firm failed to establish a unique brand for the hybrid model, which made it difficult for customers to understand its unique attributes (Kiley, 2007). Customers were not able to distinguish the Accord hybrid from the gasoline version and this affected its performance in the market. Therefore, the firm had a high quality product which was not properly marketed and lacked a unique selling point. The firm also failed to initiate memorable marketing campaigns that would have given the vehicle a strong entry into the market. Honda needs to overhaul its re search and development processes to come up with hybrid vehicles that suit customers’ needs and lifestyles. The firm needs to the vehicle a different brand name to make it possible for potential buyers to distinguish it from the gasoline version. This will make the product have its own brand identity that evokes positive feelings from potential buyers in the market. Some additional improvements should be done on the vehicle to add new features that give it the desired level of competitiveness in the market. The firm should take effective approaches to win the confidence of its customers. This will strengthen their faith in the new product to help it maintain its competitive edge in the market (Karadeniz, 2009, p. 99). The design needs to take note of fuel efficiency and other attractive features to make it more competitive than other substitutes in the market. The firm needs to be aware that Toyota’s hybrid car, the Prius is performing well in the market. It needs to c ome up with effective strategies to help the vehicle get a larger market share.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Honda needs to communicate the vehicle’s strongest attributes to give it more publicity in the market. The firm should make customers aware of the unique features of this product and how it suits their lifestyles. The confusion generated by the previous model regarding fuel usage was one of the main reasons that made it perform poorly in the market. The firm needs to clear this issue to make customers understand how much fuel the vehicle consumes. The pricing strategy needs to take note of buyers’ interests, incomes and lifestyles (Karadeniz, 2009, p. 102). This will make it possible for the improved product to be responsive to buyers’ interests. The firm needs to improve the way the vehicle is perceived by potential buyers to make it more attr active. The new hybrid vehicle needs to have its own independent brand to make it more appealing to customers. The firm’s marketing campaigns need to make customers’ about the vehicle’s fuel consumption rates compared to other substitutes and other unique functional features. This will ensure customers do not confuse it with the Accord gasoline version. The firm needs to develop effective marketing campaigns that appeal to the emotional psyche of prospective car buyers (Karadeniz, 2009, p. 104). Previous Honda models have performed well in the market because customers have a lot of sentimental attachments to them. The firm needs to use the loyalty it has built in the market over the years to help it register positive results in the market. The firm’s marketers need to reverse misleading perceptions about the product in the market. The hybrid’s high price discouraged many customers from purchasing it because they felt it was beyond what they were ab le to afford. The marketing approach adopted for the new brand should adopt a suitable pricing strategy to encourage more prospective buyers to purchase it. The firm needs to partner with good advertising companies to enable it create compelling adverts that connect with potential customers in the market easily (Karadeniz, 2009, p. 107). The advertising approaches used need to show customers the product’s unique selling point to encourage them to purchase this brand. This will help the product to overcome entry barriers in the market that made the previous model to register abysmal performance. References Karadeniz, M. (2009). Product positioning strategy in marketing management. Journal of Naval Science and Engineering, 5 (2), 98-110.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Honda Accord Hybrid Case specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kiley, D. (2007, June 5). Failure of Accord Hybrid is a marketing fiasco. Bloomber g Business Week. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/ This essay on Honda Accord Hybrid Case was written and submitted by user Chaya Barry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Engaging With Vulnerable People In Mental Health Social Work Essay Essays

Engaging With Vulnerable People In Mental Health Social Work Essay Essays Engaging With Vulnerable People In Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay Engaging With Vulnerable People In Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay In this essay I am traveling to compose about vulnerable grownups, how I could show professional values and how I could authorise vulnerable people showing regard and keeping self-respect. I will show an apprehension of statute law and policy counsel, observing the strengths and failings in conformity to NMC codification of behavior. I will besides briefly give the history of maltreatment, conveying in assorted Department of Health paperss as elucidation to show the demand for current statute law sing the protection of vulnerable grownups. I will discourse how the ability to back up my chosen instance survey and callings is seen as the key accomplishment of the nurse, which requires a non judgmental attack which is indispensable to working in an anti oppressive pattern. Definitions of exposure and anti favoritism will besides be included as it is a comparing of NMC codification of behavior. Vulnerable people all are really sensitive to the demand of their independency and they can be vulnerable really easy for case if they are in hurting. So nurse should ever understand how the impact of Loos, alteration or grieving procedures can impact the person. I have chosen grownup instance survey two which is Mamoun. He is vulnerable because, he has had an operation and he is in a batch of hurting. Mamoun does nt speak about the hurting or ask for analgesic but if offered, he will take them. VULNERABLITY Vulnerability is people when support is required to enable or advance independent life and safe and active engagement in the Community. To a certain extent some people or groups may be vulnerable because they perceive they are vulnerable e.g. if they believe they live in a high offense country when that is merely a perceptual experience and non a fact. Iliffe.s et Al ( 1998 ) . Social exclusion is a procedure in which societal, economic and cultural factors can unite to except persons, groups and communities from take parting in society and deriving entree to economic, cultural and societal resources. When combined, they create an acute signifier of exclusion in peculiar vicinities. Having identified those groups who might be vulnerable the following phase is to make up ones mind the best agencies of assisting them. The Evaluation Panel believes the primary purpose should be to give vulnerable people as much control over their lives as possible to extenuate the fortunes that make them vulnerable. Parker.J. ( 2006 ) A vulnerable grownup is any individual aged 18 or over who is or may be in demand of community attention services because of disablement, age or unwellness, and who is or may be unable to take attention of themselves, or is unable to protect themselves from important injury or maltreatment. Vulnerable grownups could include older people, people with a ocular or hearing damage, physical disablement, larning disablements or mental wellness job, and people populating with unwellness. Vulnerability can besides be described as unprotected, unguarded, unfastened to assail, helpless and weak Oxford. ( 2002 ) . in another manner if anyone walks at dark in unsafe country we all tend to be vulnerable or able to be hurt. Mamoun is a 60 two old ages old Muslim adult male who is based on in so much hurting after his operation and he is vulnerable because he is isolated from his spiritual or cultural activities. He may hold cipher to speak to or no household to see him every bit good as linguistic communication and civilization job. Mamoun may see from a really limited wellness attention service or he may non happy the manner he treated which can do him more vulnerable. So even though he does nt reply inquiries courteously and neer inquire for PRN hurting alleviation, it is the duty of nurses to give full attending and see his reaction of his hurting. When I am on my responsibility, I must do certain that he is in a good status by look intoing him all the clip. If he is in hurting, it shows when looking at him so it is impossible to wait for him to inquire for hurting alleviation. Mamoun may has no thought about medical specialties and he is unable to speak it may be deficiency of communicating accompli shments or linguistic communication job. Having said that I could look in different manner for illustration, acquire translator, being nice, friendly, sort, understand his hurting and do certain that he trusts me. Harmonizing to NMC pod of behavior the undermentioned professional values will inform and steer all work with vulnerable grownups: Dainty people as single avoid discriminatory in any manner against the patients, dainty kindly and move as an advocator NMC ( 2008 ) . Work efficaciously with a squad able to be flexible within squads, regard and support each other. Privacy the right of persons to be left entirely or undisturbed, and free from invasion or public attending into their personal businesss. Dignity all people will be treated with regard. Each person s alone features and intrinsic value will be recognised. Independence the right to move and believe without mention to another individual. Choice the chance to do both little and more important life picks, with aid as appropriate to understand context and options ; the chance to do picks in the person s ain involvement, exerting the pick to take hazards Laverack.G. ( 2005 ) . . Rights the care of all entitlements associate d with citizenship, including full engagement in the life of the community Iliffe.s et Al ( 1998 ) . Abuse against vulnerable grownups has been noted since the 1960 s, although certain types of maltreatment would hold taken topographic point before so, society has changed and what is acceptable now is surely different to what was acceptable back so. Peoples became rather vocal in the 60 s, more unfastened minded and address and sentiments fluxing freely an illustration of this would be the subject of sex and drugs. Iliffe.s et Al ( 1998 ) . Abuse is a misdemeanor of an person s human and civil rights by another individual. It may dwell of a individual act or repeated Acts of the Apostless. It may be planned or unplanned. It may be the consequence of deliberate purpose, carelessness or ignorance. It may go on when a vulnerable grownup is persuaded to come in into a dealing to which they have non consented or can non accept. Abuse besed on many signifiers some of them that more comenly knowen are include: Physical Abuse for illustration, striking, forcing, and agitating over medicating or otherwise causing physical injury. Sexual Abuse for illustration unwanted touching, snoging or sexual activity. Or where the vulnerable grownup can non or does non give their consent it mayt be. Psychological / Emotional Abuse including verbal maltreatment, humiliation intimidation or the usage of menaces Iliffe.s et Al ( 1998 ) . Financial Abuse the illegal or improper usage of a individual s money, belongings, pension book, bank history or other properties. Neglect the perennial want of aid or care that a vulnerable grownup demands which, if withdrawn, will do him or her to endure. Institutional Abuse maltreatment, disregard, backdown of rights or continually hapless attention in a attention place scene. Discriminatory Abuse Including racialist or male chauvinist maltreatment, and abuse based on a individual s disablement, and other signifiers of torment, slurs or similar intervention. Maltreatment can take topographic point in their ain place, by familly or any other visitant, or in person else s place, by a comparative, friend or neighbou, in a residential or nursing place, by a paid or voluntary carer, in a twenty-four hours Centre, grownup instruction Centre or other constitution, by an occasional visitant or service supplier, in a infirmary or GP surgery, mayt happen by a professional worker. ANTI-DISCRIMINATERY Anti-discrimination pattern is a positive action to avoid favoritism. It is abut being showing positive image of people equal chances policy in all aspect plans that take topographic point and besides disputing any discriminatory or oppressive linguistic communication and behavior Parker.J. ( 2006 ) . There are different tyeps of favoritism, such as more normally known, racism, disablism and agism. One of the things we do when meeting people is to do premises about them which can do them more cnfortable. Prejudiced linguistic communication frequently betrays premises that have non been based on accurate cognition or on cultural stereotypes. Often it emphasises the high quality of the talker or the groups that she/he represents. This demand non be witting for it to be violative and exacerbating. Non-discriminatory linguistic communication promotes exclusivity by the deliberate effort to guarantee that the linguistic communication used promotes the equality of all people Parker.J. ( 2006 ) . The function of preparation is ever to guarantee that the maximal figure of people possible have entree to the information they need.A Particular purpose must be given to avoiding the usage of proficient linguistic communication and slang. Workers have an duty to guarantee that everyone who can profit from their service has an chance to entree it, and whilst they are utilizing it, to be treated in a manner that agreements their demand for decency and self- regard Laverack.G. ( 2005 ) . As a trainer to pattern good pattern, I have to be serious about my duty to guarantee that the patients have an chance to take part in the event and accomplish their maximal learning potency. I besides need to hold good pattern how to talk in appropriated linguistic communication and behavior. It is really of import to do an action program for acceptable linguistic communication and behavior as a professional. All trainers must avoid utilizing linguistic communication or behavior that is in any manner discriminatory.A Mamoun may be increased hazard due to the unaware of his rights, socially isolated, non cognize how to kick and has communicating troubles. He may besides has trouble understanding certain determinations or minutess and may hold limited life experience and happen it hard to expect. In this instance, there are different sorts of things to believe approximately such as development of societal webs maintaining in contact with household, friends, and neighbours as he is stray. I will promote him to entree to societal groups which may assist him to do friends. Entree to back up groups I will acquire translator for him if he has linguistic communication job. Support and advice, I will back up him in caring for him and I will advice him to state as his job in order to better and keep his wellness. Assessment of demands, as I mention on the above for client who is unable to speak I will measure by psychologically understanding for illustration, watching the patient if any behavior or act al teration think about his nutrient and request of his demands. REFLECTING From this essay, I have learnt a value of societal work for case philosophical and academic thought in order to measure client s demands and fortunes. I have besides learnt the function of NMC codification of behavior and I have developed accomplishments and professional cognition to work efficaciously with vulnerable people. The NMC codification of behavior helped me to understand how the Torahs and policies were applied to these such good illustration instances. Adult Case Study 2 was a alone instance for me as although the service user did non hold any mental wellness demands he required aid with foll servisce. This essay teaches me the facet of nursing I can reflect on, the usage of the word experience in nursing, how self consciousness is cardinal to contemplation and how the development of other accomplishments will help contemplation. In the hereafter I believe that I will be able to show and work closely with both service users to back up them, by measuring their demands, reexamining hazards, policies and processs that apply to them. This essay will assist me do my work clear to serve user and besides more unfastened to reexamine so I can better my pattern in the hereafter.

A Case Study of Shangri-La Hotels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

A Case Study of Shangri-La Hotels - Essay Example Terrorism is a major threat for Shangri-La operations. 1.2 Economical China's economic environment is experiencing growth. The country's growth is due to the success of Beijing's stimulus package. Government relaxation of travel restrictions and the rising urban incomes makes the country an attractive market for the hotel industry. Chinese domestic and outbound travel has increased in Europe and the US economy is experiencing financial crisis and economic downturn. Unemployment is high and people are tightening their belts. Fiscal stimulus package which was recently approved is needed to contain the deteriorating public finances. Performance of the auto industry, which is the country's major employer, is currently experiencing setbacks. An economic recession and high unemployment state will greatly affect the performance of Shangri-La hotels in the region. 1.3 Social/ Cultural The Beijing Olympics of 2008 is a major influence of the country's foreign relations. It creates camaraderie among nations and puts China in the centre of event. The Olympics boosts the culture the Chinese people as well as opens up the country to the rest of the world. Although the standard of living in China is not equal between rural and urban regions, investments in the cityscapes have created urban migration and rising income. Residents in Europe enjoy a standard of living comparable to most develop countries which is due to decades of solid economic growth. The economic growth is funnelled into the development of a stable social structure. Governments are addressing the challenges posed by an aging population. The establishment of European Union creates a single market that brings in younger, working age population. US citizens have a high standard of living and greater... This essay discusses the success of Shangri-La in Asia, that can be an effective formula for successful ventures in different parts of the world. As a company that aims at competing at a global scale, Shangri-La can be a leading rival of major players in the industry. The company has more opportunities to create a diverse range of products and services. The Spa business can become more profitable as the population of develop countries age and as people become more health conscious. The researcher aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of various business, marketing and human resourcement strategies, that led Shangri-La business to success and provide some recommendations on the topic. As for the corporate level, it is recommended by the researcher that the company would exploit the growing market of China through additional projects on regions with high economic activity and tourist traffic. China is expected to grow in the years to come and the demand for hotels would also grow. T he European and American market is experiencing economic downturn. It is not recommended to focus the organisation’s expansion in these areas because of its economic uncertainty and lack of attractiveness. The researcher then concluds that a market presence can be the primary aim for projects existing in the area. It is also recommended that the company would consider backward integration strategies that would acquire travel agencies in order to boost the company’s capabilities of attracting more guests.

Collective Bargaining Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Collective Bargaining - Research Paper Example Negotiation is there in the corporate as well. When it comes to the corporate, negotiation is known as collective bargaining. Collective bargaining is a process where both managerial officials and the union can place their opinion and they can have a mutual agreement on their interest (Holley, W. H. & Et. Al., â€Å"The Labor Relations Process†). Each and every person has the power to fight for their own interest, but when it is collective bargaining both the parties will have a systematic negotiation, so that both the parties remain satisfied. Collective bargaining has become a famous and a common aspect in almost every organization. Collective bargaining is a politically powerful arrangement. The managerial board decides to negotiate with their employees or with the union, so that they can have a continuous and a peaceful work process in the future (Holley, W. H. & Et. Al., â€Å"The Labor Relations Process†). In the relation to the above discussion, one incident can be observed. United Steelworkers (USW) has successfully bargained various different provisions to improve several facilities and the safety of the workers working at ArcelorMittal at 14 plants in around eight states in the US. In fact, for the on-site employees’ health and safety they have appointed few representatives and a union safety committee. USW negotiated an increase in the minimum number of safety training hours per worker as well as an agreement by the company to provide flame-resistant clothing (American Federation of Labor, â€Å"Collective Bargaining†). This development would help the organization to have continued production, good intrapersonal relationship among the employees and the superiors. It will help to reduce the medication cost on the employee. A Recent Article on Collective Bargaining The Major League Baseball (MLB) is one of the most recognized organizations in the field of baseball. MLB has their steroid policy for their players, and the investigation department is under strict observation and rules and norms. Recently, MLB had a tough time in the organization and they had to bring certain changes in the policies. And, which was done by collective bargaining. This is a pertinent example of a successful collective bargaining. The article presented about the incident describes that two particular players of the organization were found guilty out of their steroid test. And, the company had appointed a person as consultant to look into the matter. When the result or the report was out, the players did not take it seriously and they showed their doubts regarding the findings. Therefore, the higher officials decided to take an action and they brought certain changes i

The East Asian World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The East Asian World - Essay Example Yongzheng and Qianlong continued Kangxi’s support for the arts and culture and maintained peace and order. The first signs of internal problems began under Qianlong, however (e.g. corruption and expenses of military campaigns). The main characteristics of the Manchu rule were their ability to adapt to new environments without losing their distinct identity and their concern for equality (to some extent) between the Manchus and the Chinese. The Manchus implemented diarchy, for instance, where important administrative positions were shared among the Manchus and the Chinese. The economy and society changed during the Ming and Qing eras when China opened more to trade and Western influence, particularly during the Ming era. China also witnessed an expansion in population, trade, commerce, and territories. The population increased from 70 to 80 million in 1390 to more than 300 million at the end of the eighteenth century. China also exported tea, porcelain, and silk to England and traded with Russia and other nations. The Chinese, however, limited contact with the Europeans, who increasingly demanded access to other Chinese markets. These changes seem to be leading toward an industrial revolution on the European model to the degree that China was ripe for industrialization because of its access to people and resources, but it lacked dedication to technological developments because of its emphasis on moral principles than scientific knowledge. The society and economy of Japan changed during the Tokugawa era through trading with the West and manufacturing developments. These changes promoted rising standards of living. The Japanese culture reflected these changes by widened social class differences (i.e. social stratification of four classes: warriors, artisans, peasants, and merchants). The developments in Korea during this period reflected conditions in China and Japan to the extent that it modeled its political system after the

Critique of Sexual Difference | Analysis

Critique of Sexual Difference | Analysis Sexual Difference Representation Explain how and why the critique of sexual difference intersected with a (postmodern) critique of representation in the later 1970s and early 1980s. Consider why photography had an important role and the significance of image-text relationship in this type of practice. As Craig Owens states in his paper ‘The Discourse of Others: Feminists and Postmodernism’ (Owens, 1983), the 1970s and 80s saw a coming together of the (mainly) feminist and queer theory critiques of sexual difference and the erosion of perspectivalist and univocal theories of vision and representation. As this paper shall assert, both of these positions can be seen to be traceable back to a single ontological and aesthetic rupture: the breakdown in what Lyotard was to term the grand or â€Å"meta narrative† (Lyotard, 1984: xxiv) and the subsequent rise in notions such as polyvocity (Deleuze and Guattari, 2004), heteroglossia (Bakhtin, 2000) ecriture feminine (Cixous, 1980) and differance (Derrida, 1997). This paper will also assert, through of the work of Roland Barthes especially, that photography had a major significance in exemplifying the kind of aesthetico-ontological concerns and strategies of postmodernity and poststructuralism; chiefly through such notion s as the punctum (Barthes, 2000); â€Å"the obtuse meaning† inherent within still visual images (Barthes, 1983) and the play of meaning between image and linguistic sign. This paper represents then an attempt to not only understand photography’s place within critical theory over the last two decades or so but how this provides a mirror to the wider movements of philosophical thought. The critique of sexual difference can be seen to emanate from a wide variety of authors (Foucault, Derrida, Kristeva, Wittig etc) however, within the mandates of this paper, I should like to look at two main theorists that have special relevance: Luce Irigaray and Helene Cixous, both of whom have been seen to challenge the phallic hegemony and its role in normative representation. As Elizabeth Grosz (1994) points out, one of the chief critiques inherent within the second wave feminist movement of the 1970s and 80s was its contention that the philosophical and social subject had always been thought of gendered, as Grosz states: The enigma that Woman has posed for men is an enigma only because the male subject construed itself as the subject par excellence. The way (he fantasizes) that Woman differs from him makes her containable within his imagination (reduced to his size) but also produces her as a mystery for him to master and decipher†¦ The construction of the male universal subject, asserted many feminist thinkers, resulted not only in the normalisation of phallocentricism but a privileging of its many dependants (reason, univocity, vision and so on). By positing Woman as the symptom of man through such notions as (among others) the castration complex and the psycho-sexual other, a phallocentric regime suppressed many of the discourses and thought processes associated with the feminine. Thinkers such as Luce Irigaray and Helene Cixous attempted to challenge this position by asserting the prominence of other discourses and narratives that avoided or sometimes even challenged, the dominance of the male point of view. In ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’ (1980) for instance, Cixous suggests that women’s writing and artistic creativity (disciplines such as photography for instance) should recognise the value of multiple readings, intertextuality and indistinct poetic expression, for her the notion of sexual difference was inextricably tied to textual and visual representation and both were dominated by a single, male-centred, vision, as Cixous details: Nearly the entire history of writing is confounded with the history of reason, of which it is at once the effect, the support, and one of the privileged alibis. It has been one with the phallocentric tradition. It is indeed that same self-admiring, self-stimulating, self congratulatory phallocentricism. This same theme is continued in the essay ‘This Sex Which is Not One’ (1985) by Luce Irigaray where the example of the female genitals is cited as existing as an intensive binary, each part relying and drawing stimulation from the other, thus challenging the oneness and singularity of the phallus. Irigaray also makes the point that, for female sexuality, touch is more meaningful that vision, the first suggestion that there maybe some cross over between the critiques of sexual difference and representation. As Owens (1983) suggests, postmodernity and the critique of representation also aimed to challenge the accepted (male dominated) field of vision by, firstly, exposing the links that exist between representation and phallocentricism and then by asserting the value of multi-perspectives, multiple readings and other modes of viewing. The postmodern image, as Jameson (1991) states, is one that has lost its originary connection to a real world and exists instead in a circuit of self referencing images whereby â€Å"The world†¦momentarily loses its depth and threatens to become a glossy skin, a stereoscopic illusion, a rush of filmic images without density.† The postmodern image elides notions such as authenticity and distinct critical reading because it has lost what Benjamin (2008) described as the aura of original authorial intent. Commensurate with notions such as the death of author (Barthes, 1988) the postmodern critical position asserts the validity of multiple readings and the inherent intertextual nature of image and text, as Owens (1983) states: It is precisely at the legislative frontier between what can be represented and what can cannot that the postmodernist operation is being staged not in order to transcend representation, but in order to expose the system of power that authorizes certain representations while blocking, prohibiting or invalidating others. Among those prohibited from Western representation, whose representations are denied legitimacy, are women. The critique of sexual difference, then, and the critique of representation are inextricably linked, being as they are both attempts at challenging traditional modernist and phallocentric modes of thinking. Each can be viewed as a strategy that seeks to overcome not only specific areas (gender inequality, monolithic modes of representation etc) but the regime that provides their ground. Each attempts to do this through a series of critical re-framings and theoretical positions that uncover the inherent inconsistencies and internal fissures in the dominant discourse. Roland Barthes’ work Camera Lucida (2000) is an ideal example of how such ideas can be translated into literary and photographic theory. In his notion of the punctum, for instance, Barthes details how time, sentiment and personal interest can alter our reception of a photograph far beyond the intents of either the photographer or the photographic model. The punctum, or as Barthes details â€Å"a partial object† (Barthes, 2000: 43) is that which exists outside of the normalised view of what is representable in a photograph, it elides direct visual recognition and changes with each viewer and viewing; Barthes describes his experience of a photograph by William Klein from 1954 of poverty stricken children in New York’s Little Italy for instance, despite the overtly socio-political message of the photograph (an adult hand holding a gun to a smiling boy’s head) what could be considered the traditional representational, rational meaning, Barthes can not help but â€Å"stubbornly see one child’s bad teeth† (Barthes, 2000: 45). In his notion of the â€Å"third meaning†, also from his essay of the same name, Barthes points to the ironic and sometimes comical accidental elements of a photograph or a still image of a film, what he calls the obtuse meaning, speaking of a still from Romm’s Ordinary Fascism, he says: I can easily read (in this still) an obvious meaning, that of fascism (aesthetics and symbolics of power, the theatrical hunt), but I can also read an obtuse meaning: the (again) disguised blond silliness of the young quiver-bearer, the flabbiness of his hands and mouth†¦Goering’s thick nails, his trashy ring†¦ For Barthes then, that which was not intended to be represented – the inherent phallic instability of the Nazi party – can be discerned in photography, not in the elements that form the centre of the picture (the ‘studium’) but those at the periphery that elide the rational and studied gaze. As Shawcross (1997) details, Barthes’ notions here reflect the desire to challenge the kinds of discourses we have looked at above, it stresses the importance of multiple readings when dealing with photographic images and also attempts to challenge traditional (Western phallocentric) notions of single point perspective. In allowing such multiple readings, asserts Barthes, the photographs brings into question the relationship between image and text and, more rightly, exposing the play that exists between the two. In a process that Barthes calls â€Å"anchorage† (Barthes, 1977: 38) text pins down the multi-faceted meaning of an image, suppressing the natural polyvocal nature of a photograph and re-establishing the rational search for a unique interpretation. In the series of photographs by Gillian Wearing, for example, where ordinary members of the public were photographed holding up textual messages such as â€Å"I’m Desperate† and â€Å"Help†, it is the text that is assumed to be the underlying truth behind the photographic image, highlighting the extent that textual and linguistic signifiers have historically dominated visual ones. Feminist photographers have often played with the inherent slippage of meaning within the photographic image; the work of Cindy Sherman, for instance, exemplifies many of the issues we have been discussing here. Photographed in a series of ironic and iconic poses and ‘disguises’ Sherman’s work is both postmodern, in that it is self referential and kitsch but it is also considered feminist in that it attempts to rediscover and reclaim patriarchally constructed images of womanhood (the housewife, the screen starlet, the victim etc). As Shawcross (1997) details, by using herself as a model, Sherman also deconstructs the notion of identity and surface appearances – who or what are we reacting to in these images, Sherman the photographer, Sherman the icon, Sherman the disguised housewife or the housewife per se as an image in itself? As Barthes would suggest, the contribution of the photograph to the debate on the relationship between image and text (Sherman tel lingly does not titled any of her photographs) is the very play of interpretation that such photographs expose. Ultimately, then, as we have seen, there could be considered a direct link between the failure of grand narratives such as sexual difference and perspectivalist representation and the rise in critical interest in photography. As an art form that is both indexical and open to manipulation, photography is ideally suited to exemplify debates on the nature of interpretation and semiotics, something that has had a marked influence on both critical theorists and photographers alike. References Bakhtin, M (2000), The Dialogic Imagination, Austin: University of Texas. Barthes, R (1977), Image Music Text, London: Hill and Wang. Barthes, R (1980), Barthes Selected Writings, London: Fontana. Barthes, R (2000), Camera Lucida, London: Vintage. Benjamin, W (2008), The Work of Art in the Age of Technological Reproducibility and Other Writings on Media, Cambridge: Harvard University. Cixous, H (1980), ‘The Laugh of the Medusa’, published in New French Feminisms, London: Harvester. Deleuze, G and Guattari, F (2004), A Thousand Plateaus, London: Continuum. Derrida, J (1997), Of Grammatology, Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University. Durand, R and Criqui, J.P (2006), Cindy Sherman, London: Flammarion. Grosz, E (1994), Volatile Bodies: Towards a Corporeal Feminism, Indianapolis: University of Indiana. Heidegger, M (2007), ‘The Origin of the Workd of Art’, published in Basic Writings, London: Routledge. Irigaray, L (1985), This Sex Which is Not One, New York: Cornell University. Jameson, F (1991), Postmodernism, or The Logic of Late Capitalism, London: Verso. Lloyd, G (1984), The Man of Reason, London: Methuen. Lyotard, J.F (1984), The Postmodern Condition, Manchester: University of Manchester. Owens, C (1983), ‘The Discourse of Others’ available online at http://216.239.59.104/search?q=cache:Fb1ceOH6t0AJ:www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/PoMoSeminar/Readings/OwensOthers.pdf+the+discourse+of+othershl=enct=clnkcd=1gl=uk Paley, M (1997), Gillian Wearing – Signs that Say What you Want Them to Say and Not Signs That Say What Someone Else Wants, London: Interim Art. Shawcross, N (1997), Roland Barthes: On Photography, Gainsville: University of Florida.

Change over Time: Christianity’s Impact on Europe Essay

Change Over Time: Christianitys Impact on Europe Christianity had spread its influence widely over the Mediterranean well before 1500. Many of the world’s major religions rose during the same time as Christianity, but Christianity didn’t stand out during those times. There were other religions such as Islam and Hinduism that were uniting their people more and contributing more to the world than Christianity was. The development of the Renaissance in Italy and the spreading of the Renaissance made Christianity a lot more popular. The period from 500 to 1700 marked a huge opportunity for Christianity, and the religion took advantage of that and left its mark on Europe. Although some cultural aspects remained the same and Christianity remained the dominant religion in Europe from 1500 to 1700, a lot of other cultural aspects, economics, and political characteristics changed due to Christianitys impact. Christianity continued to dominate Europe through the Renaissance period with little shifting to other religions; Christianity stayed pretty much the same, aside from differences in Catholic and Protestant groups. Christianity remained a monotheistic religion, meaning that its followers believe in one god. Not only did this religion remain a major influence for the ordinary people of Europe, but it also influenced the artists and authors coming into the Renaissance. Christianity continued to be a huge source of power for the Pope and other religious leaders during this time; religion, essentially, gave these leaders more control and power. These leaders set up churches all across their areas in Europe, which continued to spread the influence of Christianity even more. Christianity remained a uniting source for the people which, in turn, led to making Europe a very rich and powerful force. Christianity remained a powerful force in Europe because a lot of the religious leaders were looking at continuing older Roman legacies. Even though Christianity developed after the fall of the Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic Church makes the claim of apostolic succession; they claim a unique authority over all other churches because they claim they have a common heritage with Roman Catholic Popes centuries before. Because of historical significance and the need of wanting to bring back older Roman and Byzantine religious traditions, Christianity was able to continue to dominate Europe through the influence of the church during 1500 to 1700. With so much power, different aspects of life in Europe wouldn’t remain the same. Because Christianity continued to remain the major source for power and influence in Europe, economic, political, and cultural changes were inevitable. Change over Time: Christianity’s Impact on Europe By amirlikecrazy

Intro to “Animal Farm” Essay

Animal Farm is a story that cannot be understood and appreciated without a basic understanding of 20th-century European history. While author George Orwell may have featured talking, thinking animals and labeled the story a fairy tale, it very clearly references events in Europe in the time period leading up to and during World War II. Animal Farm is openly critical of all of the major players in the European theater of that time, and each is referenced by an animal at the farm. This should come as no surprise, given that Orwell lived in Europe and was politically active during that time period. Like many Europeans who were tired of the confines of rigid class-based systems, Orwell could have been considered sympathetic to Communist or Socialist ideals, but was seemingly disappointed by Stalin’s subversion of those ideals for personal gain. In fact, this disappointment is what helps characterize Animal Farm as anti-utopian literature. There are dueling traditions in literature in which authors either describe a utopia, or a seemingly perfect world, or else they take an anti-utopian standpoint in explaining how there is no way to maintain such a perfect world. Animal Farm, which describes the descent of Old Major’s proposed ideal world of animal equality into a totalitarian state run by Napoleon, is decidedly anti-utopian. One of the interesting characteristics of Animal Farm is that, while it is critical of Communism in practice, it is not critical of Communism as an ideal. Nothing in the novel suggests that Old Major’s ideas about ending the exploitation of animals were somehow wrong. In fact, Orwell describes the animals as being mistreated while under the farmer’s control. This leads one to believe that Orwell believed, theoretically, in the ideal of Communism or Socialism, and was critiquing not the ideal, but the possibility of the ideal. This is an interesting perspective, given Orwell’s own background, which would have placed him in the petty bourgeoisie social class.George Orwell was born Edward Arthur Blair on June 25, 1903, in India. His father was an English civil servant in India. At age eight, Orwell returned to England, where he was sent to boarding school. In 1917, Orwell went to Eton on scholarship, where he was first exposed to the political ideas that would eventually form the foundation of Animal Farm. Upon graduating in 1921, Orwell followed in his father’s footsteps and went to Burma, India, as a member of the Civil Service, where he served from 1922 to 1927. After that time, Orwell seemed to abandon the privilege that came with being a member of the upper class, even if he was a poorer member of that group. He spent a year living among the lower class in Paris and in England, even spending some of that time with homeless people. It was around that time that he began writing seriously and adopted the pen name George Orwell. While he was gaining respect as a writer, he also had â€Å"day jobs,† first as a teacher, and then as the proprietor of a pub and a general store.Orwell became a Socialist in the 1930s, and when asked to report upon the Spanish Civil War, actually fought in defense of his political beliefs and in favor of a Socialist Spain. However, he was adamant about the differences in the Communist and Socialist philosophies and believed that Communism was a threat to Socialism. He joined in the battle, fighting on the side of the Republicans as a member of a Marxist political party, and he was injured during this service. While the Republicans were successful in the war, the Marxists were not; pro-Stalin factions took over the Republicans. This historical part of Orwell’s life undoubtedly helped contribute to his criticism of Stalin and helped serve as a foundation for Animal Farm, though he would not write the novel for several years.

Advancements in Peripherals1 essays

Advancements in Peripherals1 essays Recent Developments in Computer Peripherals Including an in-depth look at Multimedia Input Devices Development in Peripherals Three An in-depth look Digital Cameras Six The History of the Digital Camera Six A Peripheral device is any external device attached to a computer. Without Peripherals a computer is just a box full of wires, transistors and circuits, which is able to: - 1. Respond to a specific set of instructions in a well-defined manner. 2. Execute a prerecorded list of instructions (a program). The only problem being that without any input Peripherals you cannot tell the computer to do any of the above processes, and if you could, without an output device of some kind, the computer has no way of delivering the result to the user! Examples of peripherals include printers, disk drives, display monitors, keyboards, and mice etc. These can be separated into two categories: - An input device is any machine that feeds data into a computer. For example, a keyboard is an input device. Input devices other than the keyboard are sometimes called alternate input devices. Mice, trackballs, and light pens are all alternate input devices. An output device is any machine capable of representing information from a computer. This includes display screens, printers, plotters, and synthesizers. Developments in Peripherals in the Last Few Years There have been many advances in the field of Peripherals over the last few years. Even the humble keyboard and mouse have been re-invented to produce the Ergonomic keyboard and the cordless and laser mouse. There have also been advances in monitors such as flat screen displays and LCD screens. But there have also been advances in technology, which although not new, have been made commercially available for home use such as the digital camera, scanners, digital video camera and the colour printer. To look at some of the advances in detail we should put them into the...

-CER - French Spelling Change Verbs Examples

s Verbs that end in -cer, like lancer, have a spelling change before endings that begin with the hard vowels a or o. Because c followed by a or o would make a hard c sound (like in cold), the c has to change to à § (c with a cedilla) to keep the c soft (as in cell).In the present tense and the imperative, this c à § spelling change is found only in the nous conjugation: lanà §ons. It is needed in the present participle, lanà §ant, but not the past participle, lancà ©. And it occurs in the following tenses/moods: Imperfect - singular conjugations plus the third person pluralPassà © simple - all conjugations except the third person pluralImperfect subjunctive - all conjugations There is no spelling change in the conditional, future, or subjunctive.The table below summarizes just the spelling change conjugations, or you can see lancer conjugated in all tenses.All verbs that end in -cer undergo this spelling change, including  Ã‚  Ã‚  annoncer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to announce  Ã‚  Ã‚  avancer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to advance  Ã‚  Ã‚  commencer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to begin  Ã‚  Ã‚  dà ©noncer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to denounce  Ã‚  Ã‚  divorcer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to divorce  Ã‚  Ã‚  effacer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to erase  Ã‚  Ã‚  lancer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to throw  Ã‚  Ã‚  menacer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to threaten  Ã‚  Ã‚  placer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to put  Ã‚  Ã‚  prononcer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to pronounce  Ã‚  Ã‚  remplacer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to replace  Ã‚  Ã‚  renoncer  Ã‚  Ã‚  to renounce Present Imperfect Pass simple Imperfect subjunctive Participles je lance lanais lanai lanasse tu lances lanais lanas lanasses Present il lance lanait lana lant lanant nous lanons lancions lanmes lanassions vous lancez lanciez lantes lanassiez Past ils lancent lanaient lancrent lanassent lanc

Nitric Oxide Production in Cytokine Activated Macrophages Lab Report

Nitric Oxide Production in Cytokine Activated Macrophages - Lab Report Example Apoptosis plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis in a number of physiological systems. NO can cause apoptosis to be induced in various cells including immune cells and tumor cells. Excessive and prolonged production of NO can trigger secondary damage of normal tissues. Therefore, the NO-secreting and activate macrophages needs to die or revert back to a resting state in order to prevent damaging of normal tissues (Tsujimoto, & Shimizu, 2005). Activation – induced apoptosis is the mechanism involving the removal of immunologically stimulated cells to help limit injury of normal tissues and to promote immunologic tolerance. IL-2, one of the major cytokine, which is secreted from an activated lymphocyte during inflammatory or immune responses, can trigger various immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes to produce a plethora of cytokines including TNF-ÃŽ ², TNF-ÃŽ ±, IL-1ÃŽ ², IL-6, and IL-1ÃŽ ±. (Tsujimoto, & Shimizu, 2005). These cytokines can potentially in duce responding cells for instance macrophages to synthesize and produce high NO nitrite levels from l-arginine through the action of the enzyme called inducible nitric oxide synthase. In this study, the focus was ascertaining the impact of the cytokines on the rate of synthesis and production of NO from macrophages (Hu, & Brindle, 2005). In relating the optical density to the levels of nitrite, volumes of standardized sodium nitrite solution 50Â µg/ml) was added to culture medium. It was observed that increase in the volume of Volume of 50Â µg/ml standard added to 0.5ml culture medium caused a corresponding increase in Optical density (OD) as depicted in table 01 and graph 01. The results of this experiment indicate that cytokines have an impact on the production of NO by macrophages. The higher the number of cytokines used the higher the Optical density values hence the higher production of NO. The value for OD was lowest (OD=0.057)

The Jurisdiction and National Security Policy Assignment

The Jurisdiction and National Security Policy - Assignment Example With limited types of cases that it can hear, The Federal Court hears cases that involve the United States as a party. The jurisdiction of the Federal Court System also includes cases that violate the U.S Constitution or general federal laws. Some of these laws are on copyright, patent, bankruptcy and maritime law cases. Another area of difference with the jurisdiction of State of California and the Federal Court System is that whereas the State of California Court System is not mandated to hear cases in which one or both parties live outside California, the Federal Court System is allowed to hear cases between citizens of different States, especially with the amount in contention exceeds $75,000. Finally, there are instances where both the State and Federal Courts have jurisdiction. It is the case, the parties involved choosing which of the two courts they would want to use. 2. Explain what national security policy is and identify the key policy-making actors in U.S foreign policy T he National Security Policy is a guiding principle of strategic national security plan prepared on a periodic basis by the executive arm of the United States Government. The policy is made up of major national security issues and ways by which the Administration plans to handle them. Though prepared by the Executive Arm of government, the National Security Policy is prepared for Congress.